This letter has three variants, depending on where the diacritic is placed. Alif with the diacritic above it is pronounced as /a/. Alif with the diacritic below it is pronounced as /e/. Alif with the diacritic و above it is pronounced as /u/.
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue touches the roof of the mouth. The letter is pronounced as /r/.
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue is closer to the front teeth. The tip of the tongue is touching the lower front teeth. The letter is pronounced as /z/.
It is formed when the lips are closed. The letter is pronounced as /m/.
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue touches the base of the front upper teeth. The letter is pronounced as /t/.
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue touches the upper front teeth. The letter is pronounced as /n/.
It is formed when the middle of the tongue is raised to the middle of the roof of the mouth, but does not touch it. The letter is pronounced as /y/.
It is formed when the lips are closed. The letter is pronounced as /b/.
It is formed when the root of the tongue touches the hard palate. The letter is pronounced as /k/.
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue touches the front of the hard palate. The letter is pronounced as /l/.
It is formed between the lips, but they are not closed. The letter is pronounced as /w/.
It is formed in the lower part of the throat. The letter is pronounced as /h/.
It is formed when the tips of the upper front teeth touch the inner part of the lower lip. The letter is pronounced as /f/.
It is formed when the root of the tongue touches the soft palate. The letter is pronounced as /q/.
Pay attention to the following examples:
It is formed when the middle of the tongue is raised to the middle of the roof of the mouth, but does not touch it. The letter is pronounced as /sh/.
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue is closer to the front teeth. The tip of the tongue is touching the lower front teeth. The letter is pronounced as /s/.
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue touches the tips of the upper front teeth. The letter is pronounced as 'th' as in /think/.
Pay attention to the following examples:
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue is closer to the front teeth. The tip of the tongue is touching the lower front teeth. The letter is pronounced as /s/.
Pay attention to the following examples:
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue touches the base of the front upper teeth. The letter is pronounced as a heavy /t/.
Pay attention to the following examples:
It is formed when the middle of the tongue is raised to the middle of the roof of the mouth, but does not touch it. The letter is pronounced as /j/.
It is formed in the upper part of the throat. The letter is pronounced as /kh/.
It is formed in the middle part of the throat. The letter is pronounced as /h/.
Pay attention to the following examples:
It is formed in the upper part of the throat. The letter is pronounced as /gh/.
It is formed in the middle part of the throat. The letter is pronounced as ¯\_(ツ)_/¯.
Pay attention to the following examples:
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue touches the base of the front upper teeth. The letter is pronounced as /d/.
It is formed when the left or right edge of the tongue (or both together) touches the upper front teeth. The letter is pronounced as a heavy /d/.
Pay attention to the following examples:
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue touches the tips of the upper front teeth. The letter is pronounced as 'dh' as in /this/.
Pay attention to the following examples:
It is formed when the forefront of the back of the toungue touches the tips of the upper front teeth. The letter is pronounced as a heavy /z/.
Pay attention to the following examples:
The letters ا (alif), ي (ya) and و (wau) are the three long vowels in Arabic. They are written as separate letters, but are not pronounced as such. They are used to indicate the presence of a long vowel sound in a word. The long vowels are pronounced as follows: ا as /aa/ (as in 'father'), ي as /ii/ (as in 'see'), and و as /uu/ (as in 'food').
The shadda (ω) is a diacritic that is written above a letter and indicates that the letter is doubled. It is pronounced by doubling the sound of the consonant letter.
The tanween is a diacritical mark that makes the final vowel of a word sound like a nunation. It adds a final -/n/ sound to the word.